-ed
|ed|
/t, d, ɪd/
marker of past/completed action or resulting state
Etymology
'-ed' originates from Old English, ultimately reflecting a Proto-Germanic past-participial/past-tense suffix derived from Proto-Indo-European '*-tos' (a marker meaning 'having been').
'-ed' changed from Old English variants such as '-ed', '-od', '-id' (and related Proto-Germanic forms like '*-aðaz') through Middle English regularization into the modern English past/past-participle suffix '-ed'.
Initially it indicated a completed or resultant state ('having been [verb]-ed'); over time it became the standard marker for regular past tense and past participles and also for adjectives indicating a resulting state.
Meanings by Part of Speech
Verb 1
a suffix attached to regular verbs to form the simple past tense (e.g. 'walk' → 'walked').
She walked to the store.
Synonyms
Antonyms
Verb 2
a suffix used to form the past participle of regular verbs (e.g. 'open' → 'opened').
The door was opened by John.
Synonyms
Antonyms
Adjective 1
a suffix that forms adjectives describing a state resulting from an action (e.g. 'interest' → 'interested').
He is very interested in history.
Synonyms
Antonyms
Last updated: 2026/01/09 11:44