'satrap' originates from Greek, specifically the word 'satrapēs', where Greek adapted an Old Persian compound made from xšaθra- meaning 'realm' and -pāvan meaning 'protector'.

'satrap' passed into Latin as 'satrapes', appeared in Medieval and Middle English via Greek (and through occasional Old French use), and eventually became the modern English word 'satrap'.

Initially, it meant 'protector/guardian of a province' in Old Persian, then the title for a provincial governor; over time it also came to be used figuratively for a subordinate ruler or an oppressive/corrupt official.