breakdowns
|break-down|
/ˈbreɪk.daʊn/
(breakdown)
failure or collapse
Etymology
'breakdown' originates from Modern English as a compound of the verb 'break' and the adverb 'down' formed in the 19th century to mean a collapse or failure. 「'breakdown'は近代英語で動詞'break'と副詞'down'の合成語として19世紀に生じ、崩壊や故障を意味するようになった。」
'break' comes from Old English 'brecan' and 'down' from Old English 'dūn' (meaning 'down, downward'); the compound developed through Middle English compounds and later lexicalized as the single noun 'breakdown'. 「'break'は古英語の'brecan'に由来し、'down'は古英語の'dūn'(下へ)に由来する。両者は中英語で結合し、後に名詞'breakdown'として語彙化した。」
Initially the components referred to physical 'breaking' and 'down' movement; over time the compound came to mean 'mechanical failure' or 'collapse' and extended metaphorically to emotional collapse and to analytical 'breakdowns' (itemizations). 「当初は物理的な『壊れる・下へ』という意味合いだったが、やがて『機械的故障』や『崩壊』を指すようになり、比喩的に精神的崩壊や内訳(分析)の意味にも拡張された。」
Meanings by Part of Speech
Noun 1
mechanical or technical failures; instances when a machine or system stops working.
The old truck had several breakdowns last month, causing delivery delays.
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Noun 2
emotional or mental collapse (a loss of psychological stability or control).
High stress levels at work have led to several nervous breakdowns among the staff.
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Noun 3
a detailed analysis or itemization of components (e.g., cost breakdowns: lists showing parts of a total).
Please send me the expense breakdowns for the project by category.
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Noun 4
in music, a section where instruments drop out or the arrangement becomes sparser (often called a 'breakdown').
The DJ added several breakdowns to build tension before the drop.
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Last updated: 2025/12/15 11:54
