Langimage
English

breakdowns

|break-down|

B2

/ˈbreɪk.daʊn/

(breakdown)

failure or collapse

Base FormPlural3rd Person Sing.PastPast ParticiplePresent ParticipleVerbAdjective
breakdownbreakdownsbreaks downbroke downbroken downbreaking downbreak downbroken-down
Etymology
Etymology Information

'breakdown' originates from Modern English as a compound of the verb 'break' and the adverb 'down' formed in the 19th century to mean a collapse or failure. 「'breakdown'は近代英語で動詞'break'と副詞'down'の合成語として19世紀に生じ、崩壊や故障を意味するようになった。」

Historical Evolution

'break' comes from Old English 'brecan' and 'down' from Old English 'dūn' (meaning 'down, downward'); the compound developed through Middle English compounds and later lexicalized as the single noun 'breakdown'. 「'break'は古英語の'brecan'に由来し、'down'は古英語の'dūn'(下へ)に由来する。両者は中英語で結合し、後に名詞'breakdown'として語彙化した。」

Meaning Changes

Initially the components referred to physical 'breaking' and 'down' movement; over time the compound came to mean 'mechanical failure' or 'collapse' and extended metaphorically to emotional collapse and to analytical 'breakdowns' (itemizations). 「当初は物理的な『壊れる・下へ』という意味合いだったが、やがて『機械的故障』や『崩壊』を指すようになり、比喩的に精神的崩壊や内訳(分析)の意味にも拡張された。」

Meanings by Part of Speech

Noun 1

mechanical or technical failures; instances when a machine or system stops working.

The old truck had several breakdowns last month, causing delivery delays.

Synonyms

failuresmalfunctionshalts

Antonyms

Noun 2

emotional or mental collapse (a loss of psychological stability or control).

High stress levels at work have led to several nervous breakdowns among the staff.

Synonyms

Antonyms

Noun 3

a detailed analysis or itemization of components (e.g., cost breakdowns: lists showing parts of a total).

Please send me the expense breakdowns for the project by category.

Synonyms

itemizationsanalysessummaries

Antonyms

Noun 4

in music, a section where instruments drop out or the arrangement becomes sparser (often called a 'breakdown').

The DJ added several breakdowns to build tension before the drop.

Synonyms

interludessegmentsbreaks

Antonyms

Last updated: 2025/12/15 11:54