'archaeologically' originates from Greek, specifically the word 'arkhaios' (Ancient Greek ἀρχαῖος), where 'arkhaios' meant 'ancient', combined with Greek 'logia' (λογία) meaning 'study' which produced 'archaeology', and then the adjective suffix '-ical' and the adverbial suffix '-ly' were added in English.

'arkhaios' entered Late Latin/Medieval Latin as 'archaicus' and Greek 'archaiologia' became Latinized as 'archaeologia'; this passed into English as 'archaeology' in the 17th century, then formed the adjective 'archaeological' and finally the adverb 'archaeologically'.

Initially, the components conveyed 'study of the ancient', and over time they evolved into the modern sense of things 'relating to the scientific study of past human activity through material remains', which is the sense preserved in 'archaeologically'.