'pilchard' originates from Middle English, specifically the word 'pilchard'. The exact earlier source is uncertain, though it is likely borrowed from a Norman or Old French form similar to 'pelichard' or 'pilachart'.

'pilchard' appeared in Middle English as 'pilchard' (or variant spellings) and has remained largely unchanged into modern English, preserving its reference to the small oily fish.

Initially and historically it referred to the same small oily fish; over time the word has also come to be used for the fish when sold preserved (e.g., canned), but the core meaning has remained the same.