'arteriology' originates from New Latin/modern formation, combining the prefix 'arterio-' (from Greek 'arteria') and the suffix '-logy' (from Greek 'logia', meaning 'study').

'arteria' comes from Ancient Greek 'ἀρτηρία' (arteria), passed into Latin as 'arteria', and with the Greek-derived suffix '-logia' produced Late/Modern Latin 'arteriologia', which entered English as 'arteriology'.

Initially it referred specifically to the anatomical study of arteries; over time the meaning has remained largely consistent, denoting the medical/anatomical study of arteries and related conditions.